A herniated or bulging disc occurs when one of the cushions between the vertebrae in your spine shifts out of place or ruptures, putting pressure on nearby nerves. This can lead to symptoms such as back or neck pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness that may radiate into the arms or legs.

A fractured vertebra, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, occurs when one of the bones in the spine breaks or collapses due to trauma, osteoporosis, or other weakening conditions. This injury can cause sudden back pain, limited mobility, height loss, and spinal deformity in more severe cases.

Nerve compression occurs when surrounding tissues such as bones, discs, or ligaments place pressure on a nerve, often causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness. Commonly affecting the neck and lower back, this condition can radiate symptoms into the arms or legs. Treatment typically begins with conservative options like physical therapy, medications, and injections, with surgery considered in more severe or persistent cases.

Degenerative disc disease is a condition in which the spinal discs gradually wear down over time, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced flexibility. As discs lose hydration and cushioning ability, they may contribute to nerve irritation or instability in the spine. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and pain relief options, with surgery reserved for advanced cases.

Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis that occurs when the protective cartilage in joints breaks down over time, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness. In the spine, it can lead to reduced mobility and may contribute to nerve compression. Treatment typically includes physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and lifestyle adjustments, with surgical options considered when conservative care is no longer effective.

Spinal misalignment refers to abnormal positioning or curvature of the spine, which can lead to uneven stress on muscles, joints, and discs. This condition may cause chronic pain, reduced mobility, and postural issues, and in some cases can contribute to nerve compression. Treatment varies depending on severity and may include physical therapy, posture correction, bracing, or surgical intervention to restore proper alignment.